Simple Future
Simple Future has two different forms in English:
"will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can
sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different
meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with
time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and
"be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
You will help him
later.
Will you help him
later?
You will not help
him later.
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to
meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to
meet Jane tonight?
You are not going
to meet Jane tonight.
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do
something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for
someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's
complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that
someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use
"will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do
something.
Examples:
I will send you
the information when I get it.
I will translate
the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me
move this heavy table?
Will you make
dinner?
I will not do your
homework for you.
I won't do all the
housework myself!
A: I'm really
hungry.
B: I'll make some
sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired.
I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you
some coffee.
A: The phone is
ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
I will call you
when I arrive.
If I am elected
President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to
inexpensive health insurance.
I promise I will
not tell him about the surprise party.
Don't worry, I'll
be careful.
I won't tell
anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan.
It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It
does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
He is going to
spend his vacation in Hawaii.
She is not going
to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we
going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to
meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an
actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going
to begin medical school next year.
They are going to
drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going
to invite to the party?
A: Who is going to
make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to
make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express
a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can
express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are
guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction"
sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore
USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in
meaning.
Examples:
The year 2222 will
be a very interesting year.
The year 2222 is
going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be
the next President.
John Smith is
going to be the next President.
The movie
"Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
The movie
"Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the
speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a
sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in
clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by
the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present
is used.
Examples:
When you will
arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
When you arrive
tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs
such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You will never
help him.
Will you ever help
him?
You are never
going to meet Jane.
Are you ever going
to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
John will finish
the work by 5:00 PM. Active
The work will be
finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
Sally is going to
make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
A beautiful dinner
is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
Future Continuous
Future Continuous
has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be
doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually
interchangeable.
FORM Future
Continuous with "Will"
[will be + present
participle]
Examples:
You will be
waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Will you be
waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
You will not
be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
FORM Future
Continuous with "Be Going To "
[am/is/are + going
to be + present participle]
Examples:
You are going
to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Are you going
to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
You are not going to be waiting for her when
her plane arrives tonight.
REMEMBER: It is
possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create
the Future Continuous with little difference in meaning.
USE 1 Interrupted
Action in the Future
Use the Future
Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted
by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or
just an interruption in time.
Examples:
I will be
watching TV when she arrives tonight.
I will be
waiting for you when your bus arrives.
I am going to
be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact
me.
He will be
studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.
Notice in the
examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple Present
rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time
clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the
Future
In USE 1,
described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the
future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a
specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
Tonight at 6
PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
I will be in
the process of eating dinner.
At midnight
tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.
We will be in
the process of driving through the desert.
REMEMBER
In the Simple
Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end.
In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.
Examples:
Tonight at 6
PM, I am going to eat dinner.
I am going to start eating at 6 PM.
Tonight at 6
PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
I am going to
start earlier and I will be in the process of eating dinner at 6 PM.
USE 3 Parallel
Actions in the Future
When you use the
Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea
that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
I am going to
be studying and he is going to be making dinner.
Tonight, they
will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
While Ellen is
reading, Tim will be watching television.
Notice
"is reading" because of the time clause containing "while."
(See Explanation Below)
USE 4 Atmosphere
in the Future
In English, we
often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific
point in the future.
Example:
When I arrive
at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing.
Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several
people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.
REMEMBER No Future
in Time Clauses
Like all future
tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time
expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if,
unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used.
Examples:
While I am
going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct
While I am
finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct
AND REMEMBER
Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to
remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses.
Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in
continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Continuous with these verbs, you
must use Simple Future.
Examples:
Jane will be
being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct
Jane will be
at my house when you arrive. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below
show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever,
still, just, etc.
Examples:
You will still
be waiting for her when her plane arrives.
Will you still
be waiting for her when her plane arrives?
You are still
going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives.
Are you still
going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
At 8:00 PM
tonight, John will be washing the dishes. Active
At 8:00 PM
tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John. Passive
At 8:00 PM
tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes. Active
At 8:00 PM
tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John. Passive
NOTE: Passive
forms of the Future Continuous are not common.
Future Perfect
Future Perfect has
two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done."
Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.
FORM Future
Perfect with "Will"
[will have + past
participle]
Examples:
You will have
perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
Will you have perfected your English by the
time you come back from the U.S.?
You will not
have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
FORM Future
Perfect with "Be Going To"
[am/is/are + going
to have + past participle]
Examples:
You are going
to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
Are you going
to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
You are not
going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
NOTE: It is
possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create
the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.
USE 1 Completed
Action Before Something in the Future
The Future Perfect
expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the
future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in
the future.
Examples:
By next
November, I will have received my promotion.
By the time he
gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.
I am not going
to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
Will she have
learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
Sam is probably
going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon.
By the time I
finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
How many
countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?
Notice in the examples
above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present
rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time
clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Duration
Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With
Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the
Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in
the future.
Examples:
I will have
been in London for six months by the time I leave.
By Monday,
Susan is going to have had my book for a week.
Although the above
use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and
non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work,"
"teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even
though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
REMEMBER No Future
in Time Clauses
Like all future
forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time
expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if,
unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used.
Examples:
I am going to
see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct
I am going to
see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below
show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever,
still, just, etc.
Examples:
You will only
have learned a few words.
Will you only
have learned a few words?
You are only
going to have learned a few words.
Are you only
going to have learned a few words?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
They will have
completed the project before the deadline. Active
The project
will have been completed before the deadline. Passive
They are going
to have completed the project before the deadline. Active
The project is
going to have been completed before the deadline. Passive
Future Perfect Continuous
Future Perfect
Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and
"be going to have been doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future
Perfect Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
FORM Future Perfect
Continuous with "Will"
[will have
been + present participle]
Examples:
You will
have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
Will you
have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
You will
not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
FORM Future
Perfect Continuous with "Be Going To"
[am/is/are +
going to have been + present participle]
Examples:
You are
going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally
arrives.
Are you
going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally
arrives?
You are
not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally
arrives.
NOTE: It is
possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create
the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning.
USE 1 Duration
Before Something in the Future
We use the
Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a
particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for
two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be
used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the
Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with
Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in
the future.
Examples:
They will
have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.
She is
going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally
closes.
James will
have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves
for Asia.
How long
will you have been studying when you graduate?
We are
going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to
Anchorage.
A: When
you finish your English course, will you have been living in New Zealand for
over a year?
B: No, I
will not have been living here that long.
Notice in the
examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple
Present rather than Simple Future. This is because these future events are in
time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Cause of
Something in the Future
Using the
Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to
show cause and effect.
Examples:
Jason will
be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour.
Claudia's
English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to
have been studying English in the United States for over two years.
Future
Continuous vs. Future Perfect Continuous
If you do not
include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two
weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use
the Future Continuous rather than the Future Perfect Continuous. Be careful
because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Future Continuous
emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes a
duration of time before something in the future. Study the examples below to
understand the difference.
Examples:
He will be
tired because he will be exercising so hard.
This
sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will be exercising at that
exact moment in the future.
He will be
tired because he will have been exercising so hard.
This
sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will have been exercising
for a period of time. It is possible that he will still be exercising at that
moment OR that he will just have finished.
REMEMBER No
Future in Time Clauses
Like all
future forms, the Future Perfect Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning
with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon
as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous
is used.
Examples:
You won't
get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as Tim. Not
Correct
You won't
get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. Correct
AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous
Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is
important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any
continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot
be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Perfect Continuous with
these verbs, you must use Future Perfect .
Examples:
Ned will
have been having his driver's license for over two years. Not Correct
Ned will
have had his driver's license for over two years. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples
below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You will
only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.
Will you only have been waiting for a few
minutes when her plane arrives?
You are
only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.
Are you
only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?
ACTIVE /
PASSIVE
Examples:
The famous
artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is
finished. Active
The mural
will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the
time it is finished. Passive
The famous
artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time
it is finished. Active
The mural
is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by
the time it is finished. Passive
NOTE: Passive
forms of the Future Perfect Continuous are not common.
source :
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